Sunday, Jun 08, 2025 23:30 [IST]
Last Update: Saturday, Jun 07, 2025 17:50 [IST]
Carrying Capacity (C.C.) may be defined as the maximum load that can be
sustained without causing destruction or degradation of the environment.
When we speak of C.C., it is determined by factors such as population
size, the amount of resources available in a given area, and how the population
utilizes those resources. If a place exceeds its C.C., adverse impacts on
available resources become inevitable. A time will come when the area can no
longer sustain the current population or any further additions.
When it comes to the real picture, a wide gap is evident between what
exists and what ought to be. Philosophically, this represents the difference
between a positive (what is) and a normative (what should be) situation.
C.C. is influenced by the availability of food, water, and space. If
these elements are disturbed or degraded, the environmental impact may be slow
but devastating.
State of Sikkim
Referring to Sikkim, the 22nd state of the Union, it is botanically rich
and blessed with almost all climatic zones. Its biodiversity is truly
remarkable. Nowhere else in the world can so much flora and fauna be found in
just 7,096 square kilometers.
It may be a tiny landmass, but it hosts a plethora—indeed,
umpteen—tourist attractions and relaxation spots across its six districts.
However, the population pressure is concentrated largely in
Gangtok—similar to the situation in Imphal, Manipur—and three adjoining towns.
A close examination of population density becomes crucial here.
Pressure of Tourism
The growth of tourism as a vehicle for development is generally welcomed
across the world. However, it is both desirable and necessary that tourists
respect local norms and laws, ensuring minimal harm to the resources they
temporarily enjoy.
Do’s and Don’ts
Before delving deeper, let’s consider some basic behavioral patterns.
Most tourists use plastic water bottles, styrofoam products, and single-use
polythene, perhaps unaware that alternatives are available. Littering from
moving vehicles is also common.
Plastic bottles, styrofoam, and polythene bags have been banned in
Sikkim since 1989. For truly responsible visitors, abiding by these rules
should be a fait accompli.
Public urination, smoking, and littering—such as tossing napkins and
wrappers from hired vehicles—are frequently observed. Shockingly, some tourists
even bring LPG cylinders, a practice that is strictly prohibited.
The practice of taking semi-nude photographs at high-altitude sites like
Chhangu Lake, Nathu La, Yumesamdong, and Katao must be curbed through firm and
permanent measures.
Behind the Scenes
Environmental violations away from public view, often involving the
Army, the BRO, and Central Government agencies, go unnoticed. The clandestine
felling of quality timber for transportation or furniture-making must be
stopped immediately.
Unregulated Construction
Despite clear orders from the Department of Urban Development,
Government of Sikkim, banning construction during the monsoon, weak enforcement
continues. Inexperienced laborers and poor supervision lead to frequent
accidents. Heavy machinery exerts undue pressure on fragile land.
Indiscriminate road widening and unregulated land use, compounded by inactive
Forest Department oversight, worsen the situation.
Lessons from the GLOF of October 2023
The violent outburst from South Lhonak Lake in Mangan District occurred
because preemptive action was not taken. Despite warnings and initial efforts
to divert excess water, the anticipated tragedy unfolded on October 4, 2023.
The Chungthang dam of the 1,200 MW Teesta Stage III Hydel Project was severely
damaged, shattering the myth that low dams are safer.
Subsequent flash floods and cloudbursts at Dikchu, Sirwani, Singtam,
Rangpo, and Melli resulted in over a hundred casualties and massive ecological
damage along the Teesta River.
The increasing velocity of river water during pre-monsoon phases in
recent years is a grim warning for the future.
Future of Hydel Projects
In light of the 2023 devastation, new hydel projects like NHPC’s Teesta
Stage IV (below Mangan) and Stage VI (near Rangpo, West Bengal) must be
reviewed or scrapped. Lower-dam projects between Rangpo and Sevoke also need
critical reassessment, even if their risks appear lower.
The Dismal View from Ranka
The view of Gangtok from Ranka may be scenic, but it also reveals signs
of impending disaster. Tall buildings stand packed with barely any space
between them. Drainage is poorly planned, increasing the risk of buildings
tilting or sinking over time. Green cover is conspicuously absent.
Garbage management remains ineffective despite repeated awareness
efforts. Rainwater harvesting, though promising, has not been implemented
meaningfully. Social forestry must be prioritized urgently to avert disasters
during earthquakes or landslides.