Non-Brahmanical Hindutva Blended with Buddhism in the Kathmandu Valley: A Cultural Synthesis

Dr. Vidhu Prakash Kayastha

The Kathmandu Valley, a historical and cultural epicenter of Nepal, presents a unique tapestry of religious practices that challenge conventional boundaries between Hinduism and Buddhism. This synthesis of the Valley with the dense Newar population reflects centuries of interaction between two great traditions, giving rise to a localized form of spirituality often described as "Non-Brahmanical Hindutva blended with Buddhism." Unlike the Brahmanical orthodoxy often associated with Hinduism, this variant reflects an inclusive, fluid, and syncretic religious culture deeply rooted in the  Valley's history.

Historical Context of Religious Coexistence: The Newar civilization of the Kathmandu Valley has been a crossroads of cultural and religious exchange for millennia. Buddhism, introduced during the time of Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE), coexisted with indigenous animistic practices and evolving forms of Hinduism. The Licchavi (4th-9th centuries CE) and Malla (12th-18th centuries CE) dynasties fostered a pluralistic society, where Buddhist and Hindu temples often shared the same courtyards and festivals.

One significant factor in this synthesis is the Newar community, the original inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley. Predominantly practicing Vajrayana Buddhism, the Newars also integrate Hindu deities and rituals into their spiritual lives. This overlap is evident in the worship of Kumari, the living goddess, revered by both Hindus and Buddhists alike.

Non-Brahmanical Hindutva in the Valley: Non-Brahmanical Hindutva in the Kathmandu Valley reflects a grassroots form of Hindu practice, less dominated by Brahmanical orthodoxy and more inclusive of local traditions. In contrast to the caste rigidity of mainstream Brahmanical Hinduism, the Valley's religious practices often emphasize community participation and egalitarian rituals.

For example, the deity Matsyendranath, known as Avalokiteshvara in Buddhism, exemplifies this blend. The Rato Matsyendranath festival, a grand chariot procession, unites people across religious divides. The deity is revered as a savior figure in both Hindu and Buddhist contexts, illustrating the fluidity of religious identities in the Valley.

Buddhist Influences on Non-Brahmanical Hindutva: Buddhist philosophies and practices significantly shape the Valley's version of Hindutva. The influence of Vajrayana Buddhism, with its esoteric rituals and tantric practices, is particularly notable. Temples such as Swayambhunath (Monkey Temple) and Boudhanath serve as spiritual hubs for both Hindus and Buddhists, symbolizing their intertwined histories.

The concept of non-duality, central to Buddhist philosophy, resonates within the Valley’s Hindu practices. Deities are often interpreted as manifestations of universal principles rather than strictly theistic entities. This aligns with Buddhist ideas of emptiness and interconnectedness, further blurring the lines between the two religions.

Contemporary Relevance: In modern times, this syncretic tradition faces challenges from rising religious orthodoxy and political tensions. Nepal's transition from a Hindu kingdom to a secular republic has sparked debates over religious identity. Despite these challenges, the Valley's blended traditions continue to thrive, serving as a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its culture.

The fusion of Non-Brahmanical Hindutva and Buddhism in the Kathmandu Valley offers valuable lessons in tolerance and coexistence. It demonstrates how religious practices can evolve to reflect local contexts, fostering unity rather than division. As Nepal navigates its contemporary identity, this cultural synthesis stands as a beacon of harmony in a world increasingly marked by polarization.

The Kathmandu Valley's unique blend of Non-Brahmanical Hindutva and Buddhism exemplifies the richness of Nepal's cultural and spiritual heritage. By transcending rigid religious boundaries, this synthesis underscores the universal human quest for meaning and connection. In preserving and celebrating this tradition, Nepal not only safeguards its history but also contributes a model of religious harmony to the global stage.